Bitter Kola, also referred to as bitter cola, is a plant native to Central and Western Africa. For centuries, it has been highly regarded for its medicinal properties. While traditional African medicine utilizes all parts of the Bitter Kola plant, the seeds are most commonly consumed. These seeds have a sharp, bitter taste that gradually gives way to a subtle sweetness as you chew them.
The History of Bitter Kola
Bitter kola’s rich history intertwines with West African culture, trade, and well-being, making it a cherished and enduring tradition.
Bitter kola has been a significant commodity in West African trade for centuries, predating the inspiration for modern cola drinks. The variety Cola nitida was highly prized for its distinct taste, mouth-cleansing properties, and alleged medicinal benefits. It was chewed during naming ceremonies, weddings, and other occasions, symbolizing both luxury and hospitality. The chestnut-sized nuts of C. nitida were mildly addictive, providing bursts of energy. Wealthy individuals demonstrated their affluence by offering bitter kola to guests. Other kola varieties, while less prestigious, had similar physiological effects.
Despite its vulnerability to pests and the need for careful preservation, bitter kola found a ready market across West Africa. It was traded between the forest and savanna regions, bridging the north-south divide. Its popularity extended hundreds of kilometers beyond its production zone. Historically, bitter kola cultivation was localized, passed down through generations within specific communities. However, rising demand led to its expansion beyond traditional boundaries, making it a vital part of West African agriculture.
The Uses of Bitter Kola in Africa
Despite its pharmaceutical potential and high preference by West and Central African communities, bitter kola is still at the beginning of its domestication process. Research and efforts are needed to further understand its diversity, genetics, and silvicultural management.
The seeds of bitter kola are commonly eaten to prevent or cure gastric disorders. They also have a typical astringent taste. The seeds contain bioactive components, which serve as alternative medicine to treat or prevent severe illnesses such as malaria, hepatitis, and immune-destructive diseases. African folk healers use bitter kola for its purgative, antiparasitic, and antimicrobial properties. It is used to address liver disorders, bronchitis, throat infections, colic, head or chest colds, and coughs. Bitter kola has an important cultural significance. Bitter kola is chewed as a nervous system stimulant in many West African countries. It is commonly found in markets, bus depots, and corner shops. It is often presented ceremonially to chiefs or guests. Historically, kola nuts (including bitter kola) were planted on graves as part of various rituals.
Health Benefits
Infections: In most African countries, bitter kola has been used to combat infections, including the common cold and hepatitis for many years. A 2018 study demonstrated its effectiveness against coughs, bacterial, and viral infections.
Inflammation: Chewing bitter kola seeds may help reduce inflammation, particularly in conditions like arthritis. The high potassium content contributes to this effect.
Diabetes: Early studies suggest that a compound called kolaviron found in bitter kola is susceptible to help protect against hypoglycemia in people with type 2 diabetes.
Bitter Kola's Nutrients per Serving: While the FDA considers bitter kola safe for consumption, specific nutritional data is limited. Nonetheless, a 2013 study revealed that bitter kola is rich in carbohydrates, fat, protein, vitamin C, calcium, potassium, iron, and even caffeine.
Bitter Kola's Preparation: Bitter kola can be eaten raw, similar to other nuts. Keep in mind that its name reflects its taste-bitter. If you’re not fond of the flavor but want to incorporate bitter kola into your diet, consider trying drinks flavored with it, available at African markets and online stores.
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